Comparison Pygmalion & Pretty Woman Essay

The near investigation of Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and Pretty Woman by Gary Marshall has improved my impression of the mutual worries of the two writings. The portrayal be that as it may, is changed by the contrasting political, authentic and social setting of the timeframe of creation. The two writers have lit up the focal worries of the changes of their female heroes; Eliza and Vivian from clothes to newfound wealth while additionally investigating and condemning the social class division inside society. The two authors pass on their heroes as common laborers residents who are a long way from living their fantasy. Eliza in Pygmalion, a youthful blossom young lady who sells blossoms in Covent Garden (a spot where every single social class meet up) is depicted as a helpless, uneducated young lady who consoles herself of being deserving of accomplishing her objectives. This is spoken to when she states â€Å"Im a decent young lady, I am† as it shows that she has confidence in herself and that she will take the necessary steps, for one day she may work in her very own shop. Conversely with Eliza, Gary Marshall describes Vivian as a run of the mill American whore. The scene presenting Vivian is set in her jumbled house representing her ‘trashy’ and disorderly way of life. Marshall utilizes dim lighting in the dance club which gives us an eclipsing thought regarding Vivian’s life being dull and critical and like Eliza, truly defenseless. Change is gradually occurring upon the two young ladies as Higgins and Edward are brought into girls’ lives. Higgins assists with Eliza’s phonetics and way to express discourse. Eliza is resolved to turn into a ‘lady’ after Higgins is set out to transform her into a duchess and bit by bit she learns the rudiments to turning into a woman. The primary portrayal of her advancement is at the ‘at home afternoon’ with Higgins’ mother. Here we notice that Eliza has taken in the fundamental attributes of a lady yet her jargon isn't sufficiently wide to keep a discussion. She escapes and begins to express unseemly things, for instance telling Mrs Higgins â€Å"My auntie passed on of flu: so they said†. The idea of change additionally happens through Vivian in Pretty Woman when Edward enlists her for the week and she gradually holds a higher confidence since he approaches her with deference. He gets her garments to improve her physical appearance and the main genuine trial of her change happens at supper. She figures out how to talk when addressed and her habits however she still isn’t of high social remaining in spite of whether she looks it or not. This is shown when she attempts to get her snail and it sneaks out of her tongs and she unquestionably however embarrassingly states â€Å"slippery little suckers†. We see in the end an incredible change in the two ladies in the two writings from where they began from. The finish of the change for Eliza is in the last scene when she is at Mrs Higgins’ house after not tolerating the way Higgins rewarded her. She currently is sufficiently able to go to bat for herself against Higgins and states â€Å"And I should like Professor Higgins to call me Miss Doolittle†. For Vivian, it is when Edward needs to return to New York and they need to end their ‘relationship’ and Edward says â€Å"I might truly want to see you again† and afterward Vivian says â€Å"What else? You’ll leave some cash by the bed when you go through town?† It finishes her change as she no longer will let anybody manager her around. Albeit the two ladies changed, there was as yet numerous parts of them that could never show signs of change. Vivian still expresses her genuine thoughts, as does Eliza in light of the fact that that’s how the young ladies were instructed and raised. Bernard Shaw utilizes language includes in Pygmalion to feature the excursion and change of Eliza. Set in the Victorian Era, there is a huge hole among working and high social classes and Eliza’s objective is to talk, walk, and resemble a woman from the Upper class. The distinction in the manner the two classes talk is exceptional, with Eliza’s jargon arriving at a limit of a couple of words, Shaw passes on her as being inappropriate. This is set up when she says â€Å"Ow, eez, yÃ¥- ooa san, is e?† as it turns out to be evident that she doesn't talk awesome English. While Higgins, an individual from the high class uses such jargon as â€Å"Not me Governor, thank you kindly† The primary thoughts and subjects incorporate the reasonable differentiation between the social classes and how they react and respond when within the sight of another. The Victorian Era impacted current society in how individuals were put in a progressive system. In contrast with Pygmalion, Pretty Woman was set during the 1980s America, which is much more present day than Victorian Era. Pretty Woman’s primary topics comprise of being exceptionally sexualised, corporate eagerness and riches. Like Pygmalion, there is a remarkable overall chain of command which isolates the classes. Vivian is a whore in Hollywood which shows the feeling of weaknesses in herself and furthermore the individuals around her. Edward causes her change into a woman without her in any event, acknowledging it. She discusses low concern and thought of others, utilizing lines, for example, â€Å"I can do anything I need, I’m not lost† and â€Å"I can’t trust you purchased drugs with our lease, what's going on with you?† The change of the two young ladies is finished before the finish of the content yet it likewise shows that as much as they attempt to become individuals from the higher class, they will in every case despite everything have the qualities of the lower class. Generally speaking, the two writings upgraded my view of the social, recorded and political qualities by contrasting the two Eras and will consistently get great audits since they contain a wide assortme nt or conditions.

Name ____________________________________________ Essays (603 words)

Name: _______________________________________________________ Date:_________________________________ . At the opening of the play, what are the plebeians celebrating? Octavius' triumph over Brutus Caesar turning out to be King Caesar's union with Calpurnia Caesar's triumph over Pompey The plebeians are: chosen authorities in the Roman senate family members of Caesar the decision class of Rome individuals from the lower classes Be careful the ides of March is expressed by whom? Cassius Calpurnia Brutus A diviner Who drives the scheme against Caesar? Brutus Antony Cinna Cassius Who expresses the accompanying: Accoutred as I might have been, I plunged in/And bade him follow; so in fact he did. Portia Brutus Antony Cassius Portia is the spouse of whom? Cinna Caesar Flavius Brutus To persuade Brutus to go along with him, what does the lead backstabber plant in his home? a hawk Senate records laying out Caesar's double-crossing a wicked blade a mysterious letter criticizing Caesar's standard How often does Caesar reject the crown? twice once never three Who offers Caesar the crown? Cicero Casca Brutus Antony What befalls Caesar in the wake of denying the crown? Calpurnia kicks the bucket he becomes King the group runs him off he falls in the commercial center Who expresses the accompanying: Companions, Romans, kinsmen, listen attentively. Caesar Brutus Cicero Antony When is the ides of March? Walk 31 Walk 14 Walk 1 Walk 15 Who expresses the accompanying: Let me know, great Brutus, would you be able to see your face? Caesar Portia Decius Cassius What nearly shields Caesar from going to Senate upon the arrival of his passing? Antony's admonition Calpurnia's disease Decius' admonition Calpurnia's awful dream What does Portia do to demonstrate her solidarity to Brutus? Discloses to him she cherishes him Shows him the most ideal approach to trick Caesar She sits idle She cuts herself The group is insulted and start a furious horde after Antony's discourse. Valid Bogus As per Brutus' discourse, Caesar needed to kick the bucket since he was aspiring. Valid Bogus Antony is offered consent to talk at Caesar's memorial service by the plotters. Valid Bogus Calpurnia needs Caesar to remain at home since she had a terrible dream. Valid Bogus Et tu , Brute signifies And you to, Brutus. Valid Bogus Cassius advises the entirety of the plotters to wash their hands in Caesar's blood. Valid Bogus Cassius discloses to Antony he should not utter a word terrible about the plotters. Valid Bogus Brutus doesn't figure Antony ought to talk at Caesar's burial service. Valid Bogus Caesar peruses Artemidorus' letter first. Valid Bogus Portia is stressed over Brutus since he converses with her every day. Valid Bogus Brutus says there is no compelling reason to murder Antony since it would resemble being a butcher. Valid Bogus Brutus can't help contradicting making a vow since he doesn't think it is directly for noteworthy men to make a vow. Valid Bogus Brutus figures Caesar will manhandle his capacity in the event that he is delegated lord. Valid Bogus The seer states Be careful the Ides of March. Valid Bogus Lupercal is a Roman celebration hung on February 15 th . Valid Bogus Pick one Essay and compose a 5 passage article on the accompanying pages (25%)

Argumentative Essay Outline for College

Argumentative Essay Outline for College Creating an Argument Essay Outline (Persuasive Essay) Home›Education Posts›Creating an Argument Essay Outline (Persuasive Essay) Education PostsIf you belong to the category of students who consider writing an essay assignment the worst nightmare, maybe, you simply have the wrong attitude or false understanding of how to deal with this task. Before proceeding to actually complete a writing assignment, we want to pay your attention to the importance of knowing some details about what you are going to face with. In this case, some background information about the argument essay (persuasive essay), its main objectives, and tips, on how to build an essay outline will define your ability to create a worthy essay according to certain requirements and help you enjoy the process of creating a paper. You can also check some essay examples   the  gender roles argumentative essay, death penalty argumentative essay.How To  Write A Great   Argument Essay (Persuasive Essay)?Let’s start wit h formulating a definition of the  argument essay (persuasive essay)  and why it is necessary to learn to write it well. The  argument essay is a type of paper, in which we demonstrate convincing evidence backed up by solid facts in order to win someone’s attention and persuade a reader to agree with our point of view. Students are forced to write persuasive essays as this activity develops logical thinking, communicative skills, makes a person feel more confident and educated.Next step to defeat the fear of writing an argument essay involves a tactic of creating an argumentative essay outline for college  (persuasive essay outline). Your aim is to focus on the topic, determine your attitude towards it, research a bunch of sources to be competent in what you will write about and, of course, create a functional outline that would assist you in writing an argument essay.Looking where to BUY AN ESSAY?Save your time and money! Use QualityCustomEssays.com professionals service to get a n A+ paper Place an order get 15%offfor your first orderWhat Does Argumentative Essay Outline for College Include?Include into your outline such broad points as introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion, each of which has its specific task while combining different parts of your essay into a consistent convincing text.In the introductory part of your outline make sure you paid attention to the audience your argument essay (persuasive essay)  is addressed to, the hook sentence with the help of which you make the first good impression or intrigue a reader and thesis statement aimed at stating the topic of an essay and your personal viewpoint.Keep on thinking of the structure and possible arguments that will be included in the body paragraphs, the quantity of which depends on the seriousness of an issue that you’ve chosen. By now, you must have studied your topic perfectly and know all the pros and cons, strong and weak points that are worth being represented and discussed in you r essay. Set priorities while choosing evidence that is the most persuasive and serves as great examples to refute the opposite arguments. Remember, each paragraph should better contain only one idea supported by reliable references.Your conclusive part is a finishing step, which, apart from shortly summarizing the main concepts, also calls for reader’s action to choose, to decide on which side he/she is after reading your essay, to be convinced by your proofs and have no hesitations in the ideas suggested previously in thesis statement and then backed up in body paragraphs.   However, don’t act too emotionally, use words and structures that would only make a hint, letting readers take a decision on their own.As soon as you get familiar with the whole point of an argument essay (persuasive essay)  and spend some time on creating an argumentative essay outline for college before actually writing it, the process of completing your writing assignment won’t seem as dull as it did at first. Improve your skills and enjoy writing.When you are working on an argumentative paper, you can use multiple ways to format and reference it.Easy Argumentative Paper Format with Our Quality AssistanceYou will have to follow the requirements of an argumentative paper format to earn the best gradeBegin with an Introduction Your introduction must be 1-2 paragraphs long.Do not forget to specify the purpose of the argumentative paper. Some optional elements in your introduction include: Include some attention getter or interesting information to keep the reader. Include some information that the reader needs to understand your thesis. You should do it only if you are not planning to write a separate background section.Some mandatory elements to include: When you are discussing a book â€" include its title and author. When you are discussing a theory â€" explain its thesis and meaning. When you are discussing a movie â€" include its title and directors name.If you include a back ground section, make sure that it is 1-2 paragraphs long. Its purpose is to inform the reader and create a context for your argument. Paragraph 1 with Supporting Evidence The key component of any argumentative paper format Always begins with a topic sentence The second sentence always explains the topic sentence The third sentence always introduces evidence to support the topic sentence: e.g. according to Mark and Hansen (2006)… The next several sentences state and explain the meaning of evidence. How should the reader understand the significance of this evidence or its meaning? Does this evidence support the main argument? Is it valid, sufficient or important in this paper? Then the concluding or transitional sentence: each paragraph must end with a sentence that wraps up the argument made in this paragraph and provides a framework for the next paragraph. Paragraphs, 2, 3, and so on â€" with supporting evidence: Follow the sequence of steps outlined above. Counterargument Counte rargument is an indispensable component of argumentative paper format. Its purpose is to anticipate possible resistance or objections and provide evidence to counter disagreement. It should not be longer than 2 paragraphs. What are the main objections that the reader might have in response to your argument? Include possible reasons and share evidence why these objections are irrelevant or invalid. Include a concluding sentence. Writing a Conclusion The purpose of the conclusion is to summarize and revisit the main points of the argument. A perfect conclusion restates the thesis statement and offers some food for thinking. A good conclusion evaluates the quality of evidence provided and offers recommendations for further analysis.Writing a Conclusion â€" Continued The purpose of a longer conclusion is to provide evidence of your critical analysis and thinking. Never introduce any new information in the concluding sections of your argument essay. Do virtually the same that you did when writing an introduction: refer to the background information, restate the thesis, evaluate your claims and evidence, and include a concluding statement. In your conclusion, include some information as to why you believe this argument was important and what is the takeaway message that your readers should draw from the argument. Why should the reader be interested? What is the utility of the argument for the audience? How can it benefit the average reader? Answers to these questions must be included. A strong conclusion will include a call for action or provide a framework for the analysis of similar issues in the future. A good conclusion will motivate readers to use the information provided in the essay to improve their own lives or the lives of others. A good conclusion is that which incorporates relevant and easy to understand language. It means that the author understands the audience and its needs. It also means that the author knows the audiences level of literacy and is ready to provide the information that is truly relevant and interesting for the reader. A conclusion is always the final opportunity for every writer to make a positive impression on the reader. If anything is missing in the body of the text, a conclusion can give the writer a chance to address these deficiencies. A conclusion can be used to explain possible controversies or inconsistencies in the body of the paper. It can also help the writer strengthen the overall impression about the argument and prove its importance in the eyes of the reader. Use language that is vivid and memorable. Do not leave questions unanswered.

Relational Database Design And The No Sql Model As The...

application. Specifically, this report investigates the use of relational database design versus the no-SQL model as the preferred basis of the new application. The requirements to consider are: 1. Intensive Usage – Facebook has millions of users worldwide and produce billions of transactions. 2. Growth of the application is expected to be 10% per annum. 3.2 Definitions It is important to look at the key characteristics of these two different models in order to understand the conclusions of this report. 3.2.1 Relational Database Management Systems These systems are characterised by: †¢ A highly structured design held together by a database schema that consists: o Data pairs are stored as tuples within separate relations that are unique within the relation. o Tuples are identified uniquely with a key. o Tuples of a relation are connected to another tuple(s). †¢ Retrieval of data is achieved by a declarative programming language – SQL. †¢ The database is managed by a DBMS that provides for data retrieval (above), storage management, and transaction management. †¢ Operations are organised into transactions that are atomic units that must complete in whole or not at all. (ref – db concepts and Database Design for Mere Mortals) 3.2.2 No-SQL It is easier to compare no-SQL systems to the characteristics of traditional relational databases because they have evolved from them. No-SQL models can be characterised by: †¢ There is no real schema because the design to theShow MoreRelatedData Base Management System13582 Words   |  55 Pages lFile Organization Terms amp; Conceptscomprises a record; A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy t A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy that starts with bits and bytes and progresses to fields, records, files, and databases. * A bit represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle. * A group of bits, called a byte, represents a single character, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol. * A grouping of characters into a word, a groupRead MoreReview Quesition20349 Words   |  82 PagesDATABASE SOLUTIONS (2nd Edition) THOMAS M CONNOLLY CAROLYN E BEGG SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 1 Introduction- Review questions 1.1 List four examples of database systems other than those listed in Section 1.1. Some examples could be: †¢ A system that maintains component part details for a car manufacturer; †¢ An advertising company keeping details of all clients and adverts placed with them; †¢ A training company keeping course information and participants’Read MoreMIS 563 COURSE PROJECT Essay2799 Words   |  12 PagesProject Schedule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Database Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Data Modeling Data Marts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Database Selection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 ETL Selection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Data Mining†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Findings: ABC University has several departmental databases that perform specific functions for each department. Within these databases are several items that can be consideredRead MoreA Data Warehouse And Business Intelligence Application2208 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract A data warehouse and business intelligence application was created as part of the Orion Sword Group project providing business intelligence to order and supply chain management to users. I worked as part of a group of four students to implement a solution. This report reflects on the process undertaken to design and implement the solution as well as my experience and positive learning outcome. Table of Contents Abstract 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Process andRead MoreA Report On Design And Implementation Of Data Models9374 Words   |  38 PagesA Report on ‘Design and Implementation of Data Models’ At American Express India Pvt. Ltd. Submitted by Alok Deshpande PRN: 14030241140 MBA (IT Business Management) (2014-2016) Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology (A constituent member of Symbiosis International University (SIU), estd., under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 by Notification No. F.9-12/2001-U-3 of Govt. of India) Year of submission 2015 Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology A constituent member of SymbiosisRead MoreAmerican Express : A Global Service Company7002 Words   |  29 Pagessales volume. Enterprise Growth Enterprise Growth is dedicated to pursuing new forms of payments and digital commerce that open American Express to new consumer groups, new locations across the world and newer products and services. Particularly, this leads to setting up a digital services platform for American Express, increasing options for mobile and online payment services, forming new alliances and developing new revenue generating streams beyond the traditional Card and travel businessesRead MoreThe Summer Training Project At American Express India Pvt. Ltd.9408 Words   |  38 PagesExpress provides customers with incomparable access to products, experiences and insights that enrich lives and build business success. As a result it is evident that there are numerous business processes adopted by Amex carried out by various applications under multiple portfolios. Enterprise architecture defines the way business works. The architecture can be of various types of which Data Architecture plays a vital role. Amex has divided its business into multiple portfolios based on similarRead MoreRelational Database And Relational Databases3150 Words   |  13 Pages1.1 Graph Databases A graph database represents data and relationships between this data using concepts from graph data structures like nodes, edges and properties. Nodes represents the data entities, properties represent information about the nodes and edges which connect two nodes or a node and a property represent the relationship between the connected elements. [1] Figure 3.1 Property Graph Model [2] 3.1.2 Triple stores Triple store is a specific implementation of a graph database that is optimizedRead MoreRailway Route Optimizer10483 Words   |  42 Pages 1. Organization Profile 3. System Analysis 1. Existing system 2. Problem Definition 3. Proposed System 4. Requirement Analysis 5. Requirement Specifications 6. Feasibility study 4. System Design 1. Project Modules 2. Data Dictionary 3. Data Flow Diagrams 4. E-R Diagrams 5. Hardware And Software Requirements 5. System Testing 6. Software Tools Used 7 Technical Notes 1. IntroductionRead MoreComputerize Medical Insurance System10020 Words   |  41 Pagesusage to various areas of life. The enunciation of a new era in computing as regards to health care has emerged to play a prominent role in the delivery of healthcare. The application and use of machines and computer-based technologies in health care have undergone an evolutionary process. Advance in information, telecommunication, and network technologies have led to the emergence of a revolutionary new way of health care delivery leading to new experience and knowledge that cross traditional disciplinary

When It Comes To The Fourth Amendment And Searching A...

When it comes to the Fourth Amendment and searching a person’s car or their person, there are a few factors to take into consideration. In order for an officer to search an individual’s car, they must have consent, otherwise the search is unreasonable and whatever evidence seized could be inadmissible in the court of law. However, it is possible to conduct a search without consent and seize evidence without a warrant but there ought to be probable cause or reasonable suspicion. The two differ in the sense that reasonable suspicion is based off past experiences and expertise. Probable cause is needed for a search to take place; conversely if there is no probable cause but an officer has enough reasonable suspicion, they still are allowed to†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, in Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993), if an officer can readily identify an object from a pat down, they can use their discretion and experience and retrieve it if they know it to be true. If they are unsure and take it, whatever was seized is inadmissible in court. In legal terms, this is known as the plain feel doctrine. This allows a police officer to seize objects during a legitimate pat-down search if by plain feel he reasonably believes it to be contraband. Just because the plain feel doctrine has been established does not granted officers the right to touch, it simply permits an officer to interpret tactile sensations to identify an object during a pat down (Poulin, 1997 pg. 23). There is a strong correlation between the Fourth Amendment and racial profiling. I asked a police officer what they believed was the main reason for a lawsuit against an officer and they said violations in regards to the Fourth Amendment followed by failure to act. Take the United States v. Brignoni-Ponce case for instance. A police officer pulled over a drive that looked to be Mexican because he believed them to be an illegal immigrant. The problem was that officers were roving the border and stopping individuals for no reason other than to see if they were illegal immigrants. The Fourth Amendment held that a patrolman is prohibited to crowd the Mexican border just to stop andShow MoreRelatedU.s. Supreme Court And The Fourth Amendment1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. Supreme Court and the Fourth Amendment Since the founding of the American Democracy, partisanship has always been a major problem when it comes to political aspects of the law. The Constitution was designed to implement laws into our country that would make our governing body run smoother with fewer conflicts. However, when dealing with Democracy based on the â€Å"people’s word† it is hard to avoid such conflicts. Since each citizen in our country has the right to freedom of speech and thoughtRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Act Of The United States1378 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is the part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. In the landmark cases below, the cases went to court because the defendant accused law enforcement of violating their Fourth Amendment Rights. Under the Constitution the Fourth Amendment protects officers of unreasonable search and seizures. Officials as public schoolsRead MoreOver The Past Decades The Fourth Amendment Of The United1586 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past decades The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution has been very controversial. One of the most debated issues in the courts and among civilians, with regards to the Fourth Amendment, is finding a precise and clear description of what is permissible by law, and also provides individuals their rights, and assures that law enforcement uses proper discretion. The median personnel in all cases involve law enforcement agencies. Generally speaking, if there is a court casesRead MoreSearch and Seizure1216 Words   |  5 PagesSearch and Seizure When it comes to Search and Seizure, allot of people think that law enforcement should not be allowed to search or seize property. I have heard many arguments against this subject, people stating that law enforcement officers go too far or have no right to search someone’s property such as their vehicle. Probable cause is more than a reasonable suspicion it requires that a combination of facts makes it more likely than not that items sought are where police believe them toRead MoreStudent Rights Under The Law1375 Words   |  6 PagesStudent rights under the law are viewed differently when it comes to searching students in the education system. At one time all educational systems acted as a temporary parent over the students. Currently, students in K-12 education system and students in institutions of higher education are viewed differently under the law. In 1995 New Jersey v. T.L.O, two high school students were found smoking in the bathroom at school. One girl admitted to smoking but the other one denied it. TheRead MoreStop And Frisk, Automobile Searches, And Border And Regulatory Searches1341 Words   |  6 PagesThough the Fourth Amendment can lay the foundation of the laws of search and seizures and warrants, there are still many controversies as to what is classified as a violation of an individual’s Fourth Amendment rights. However, the wording of the Fourth Amendment can be confusing as different individuals interpret privacy in various ways. Terms that may be interpreted differently in the Fourth Amendment can include: 1) right of privacy, 2) search, 3) seizure, 4) arrest, and 5) reasonableness. ThisRead MoreOutline Of The 4th Amendment940 Words   |  4 Pages 1.) Throughout history, the 4th Amendment has changed in a few different ways as far as protection against unlawful searches and seizures. The fundamental ideas of the 4th Amendment sprouted from when America was a colony of England. The Colonies didn’t agree with the fact that the British could come into their homes and take what they wanted. Even the common law prohibition on general warrants was overseen by the British government in order to keep control over the colonies. This corruption andRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And The Second Amendment1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fourth Amendment was passed by Congress on September 25, 1789. However, it was ratified on December 15, 1791. The Fourth Amendment is part of the first 10 Amendments which form the Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment is made to protect people from unlawful searches and seizures. This means that the police can t search a person’s house without a warrant or probable cause. The founders of the Fo urth amendment believed that freedom from government intrusion into one’s home is a natural rightRead MorePolice Officer For Driving With Expired License1554 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement of the â€Å"Bloods† street gang. Before his trial he attempted to remove all incriminating evidence from his cell phone. Riley argued against the police evidence stating that the searches of his cell phone were a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Under the Fourth Amendment people should be free from unreasonable searches unless probable cause is found. He believed the police’s lack of a warrant before conducting their searches was a valid defense for the charges against him. Riley’s claim was strickenRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And Fifth Amendment1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe three amendments that are used to protect the rights of those accused of a crime include, the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment protects the right of people to be se cure in their persons, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. (Peak, 2015, p.181). The Fifth Amendment protects the accused against self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and life, liberty, and property. Meaning no person will be forced to be a witness against themselves, they cannot

How the Elderly Is Affected by New Technology Free Essays

Essay: HOW THE ELDERLY IS AFFECTED BY NEW TECHNOLOGY by V. Young Most of the elderly grandparents share frustration with new technology. They have grown up in a time when everything around them was produced, developed, or managed without the use of gadgets and gimmicks propelled by technology. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Elderly Is Affected by New Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their generation was mostly hands-on while this generation is hands-off. Everyday tasks leads to frustration. When doing the laundry, there are buttons to press to get it done. The television is powered by direct tv/cable with 300-500 stations. The ceiling lights, sprinkler system, heating and air conditioner is a delicate system that requires skill to work it. Driving the car and making repairs is a tremendous task when all its working parts is generated by a complicated electronic system. The elderly sees technology as an unwelcome change just to make phone calls. They see these small, voice activated, cordless, hand held devices, with letters/numbers too small and general operations is a headache, even with the use of a magnifying glass. Most appliances are remote controlled by voice or touch. Even push a button and your coffee is made. Most elderly people lack the education in technology to be able to keep up with this rapid pace. What’s worse is that they don’t see how they fit into this technological world. When visiting doctors, attorneys, and other specialized personnel, the elderly may not be able to understand the terminology in these various fields. Visits are short, providing too much information to absorbed at once. Knowledge and use of computers could be an effective tool, if they had the skills necessary to use it. Society seems to ignore the elderly, forgetting that many have paved the way for this technological advancement. Elderly individuals are usually on a fixed income. Many live alone, often depending on trustworthy, skilled laborers to repair everyday household items. However, it can prove to be costly, stressful, with a sense of vulnerability, when hiring someone. This generation of young people may not understand the complex nature of technology placed on the elderly. Every senior citizen should be given an opportunity to learn the new way of life. The challenge of knowing technology gets greater, as new and innovative technology emerges each day. How to cite How the Elderly Is Affected by New Technology, Papers

Health and Social Care Adults Essay Sample free essay sample

Undertaking b your work function. Bi im am employed to work at st. Anthony`s attention place for 44hrs a hebdomad as a attention helper. I can be asked to work displacements in our sister place. I am entitled to hold 5 hebdomads vacation per twelvemonth if I wish to end my contract I must give a months notice if my employer wants my contract they have to give me two months notice. in my contract it states I must go to all compulsory preparation and comply with policies and processs Bii On your wage faux pas you should hold the name of the company that employs you. your full name and staff ID figure. the sum you earn. You should besides hold an thought of the day of the month you will have the payment. Besides any tax write-offs made such as revenue enhancement and your revenue enhancement codification and societal security figure should be on at that place. We will write a custom essay sample on Health and Social Care Adults Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Biii two alterations of information you must describe is Change of referenceChange of name Biv the process I would take is if a co-worker is making or has done something that is non right I would near in a professional mode and inquire if they do this in the proper manner or non make it at all as it is non the right manner to make so. if is still go oning I would describe to nurse in charge to cover with the state of affairs. if still non been dealt with I would so describe to the director to cover with and if no farther actions have been taken I would so compose a formal missive of ailment to country director as this could non travel on any longer within the workplace my function is to do certain that when covering with written attention plans that I have used are to be locked off in a safe topographic point so that others that come into the edifice are non able to entree these as they are confidential unless permission has been given. 2 If a service user wanted to raise a grudge. if I was in the place to decide it I could seek and assist with this state of affairs. and if it was something that I could non decide myself I would hold to manus this over to my director so that they can decide the state of affairs. 3 if there is struggles with staff within the workplace you may hold to see the director to hold a meeting to seek and decide these struggles. and besides if you have a struggle with a service user you would hold to document this in there attention program. 4 our company policy has a zero tolerance policy on favoritism and if found to be know aparting you could be disciplined. 5 to guarantee the wellness and safety of yourself and others looking out for jeopardies and thing that could be a danger to fall and describe to your director. 6 to maintain service users private information locked off from others that aren’t aloud to look in these confidential files and unless you are a physician etc and that permission is given. 7 any maltreatment that has been seen or suspected you must describe this to you line director. and this will be held in assurance so the state of affairs can be dealt with. Bvi my function contributes by giving the attention and support to the best of my cognition and to assist the service users be more independent and do their ain picks to be able to bask being every bit independent as they can be and to be able to pass on with other service users within the place. Bvii I can act upon the the quality of the service provided by puting a good illustration and following the the proper agreed ways of working to keep that the work is carried out right therefore the attention and support would be at a higher criterion. non transporting out the work function right could ensue in service user being injured or worse and besides we as carers are at that place to be able to assist attention and back up these people that have come into the environment. and is our occupation to be able to seek and advance mugwumps if hurt or decease occurs this could take to the company being in discredit. Bviii codifications of pattern are the criterions that all attention workers have to follow and are best pattern. national business criterions are at that place to inform you that you must be competent in your occupation function and have the right making and preparation to make this. The authorities put in topographic point what is best pattern in attention places and set out statute law to keep the safety of everybody whilst at work. The Guided societal attention council put in topographic point the criterions that need to be followed and cqc put in topographic point qualitie controls to guarantee that the work carried out is at a high criterion.

Planarian Lab Report Sample

Planarian Lab Report Paper There are efferent species which come in white, gray, black, brown and sometimes transparent. Planarians are hermaphrodites, meaning they have both female and male organs. They reproduce sexually but they cannot reproduce by fertilizing their own eggs with their sperm. Planarians can also reproduce asexually by regeneration. Planarians have become a vital model system for studying tissue regeneration and stem cell characteristics because of their quick ability to regenerate. Studying planarians will build on our current knowledge in the fields of regenerative medicine and stem cell biology. Flatworms themselves are preyed upon by a variety of predators and are intermediate levels of the food chain, so they are important because they feed other animals. Hypothesis All three worms were cut in half. We had expected all the planarians to regenerate. The prediction made was the planarian that was the longest, would regenerate the quickest and begin to behave normally first. Listed materials Seven clear Petri dishes Colored utensil to label Purified water Boiled eggs Tooth picks Flashlight Measuring tape Paintbrush Knife Procedure 1. Obtain six Petri dishes 2. Put enough water into the Petri dishes to cover the bottom of all six 3. Label the three dishes with the colored utensil with three names of choice (We choose Chubs, Delia, and Carol) 4. Use a flashlight to test the response of the planarians and measure them 5. Feed the planarians with boiled eggs by using a toothpick to gather a very tiny amount of food 6. Record the data for day one 7. Label the other three dishes with the names you choose but add a one to their name (Chubs 1, Delia 1, and Carol 1) 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Planarian Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Planarian Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Planarian Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Place one planarian in each of the three dishes labeled with the original name with a paintbrush 9. Carefully slice the planarians in half with a knife 10. Use a paintbrush to move one half of the planarian into the matching named Petri dish 11. Clean the water of the original dishes and refill with clean water 12. All planarians should be in clean water 13. Feed all planarians with a tiny bit of boiled eggs 14. Measure the length of all half planarians and record 15. Test the reaction of the flashlight test on the planarians and record 16. Wash hands 17. Repeat steps 12-16 each day the planarians are observed and record Data and Observations Length of the Planarians in millimeters Chubs Chubs 1 Carol Carol 1 Delia Delia 1 Starting(whole) 14 17. 5 5 Day 1 7 8 10 3 2 Day 2 (split in 2) Chubs 1. 5 4 13 Died Day 3 12 Day 4 6 Day 5 Day 6 0 Reaction to the flashlight stimulation Starting Moved toward the light Day 1-6 No reaction Based on our results, the planarians all died after our sixth day of observing them. Chubs split in two after the first day but Chubs 1 died so we moved the second half of Chubs into a Petri dish and labeled him Chubs 1. . The longest over all (Carol) was actually the first worm to die completely by day four, including both parts. The worms that were mm long lasted the longest (Delia and Chubs 1. 5). On day five Delia was actually transparent on the half that she was growing back. It was interesting that Chubs split in half on day two, while the other part of him had died. Delia was the last survivor and almost th e shortest worm, living till day six. All the planarians reacted to the light the first day by moving closer to it, but after they were cut, none of the worms reacted at all. Conclusion It is important that we study such animals because more than half of planarian genes have parallels in people, and some of their basic physiological systems operate like ours. This could lead scientist into understanding how to regenerate human tissues or cells. If scientist learn how to achieve this than many different lath issues could be solved, for instances diabetes. This could also help scientist discover how to mutate the cells in other animals so they regenerate when they lose body ligaments in the wild. This could result in less deaths of animals and a lower extinction rate. Scientist do not study on humans because of their inability to grow back but one day hope to achieve this goal. The soft- bodied planarians move in a similar fashion as a slug. They use their foot to slither through a trail of slime, leaving most of the slime behind. The planarian extends a tube-like pharynx from its mouth to reach for food. Through this tube it secretes digestive juice onto its prey. The food is partially digested externally before it is sucked into the Castro vascular cavity where it is digested the rest of the way, and then diffused to the rest of the body. Without the pharynx, the digestive juice would not reach the food and it would not be able to ingest anything, which would lead to starvation. The pharynx is a specialized organ that allows the planarian to find and take in food. Our worms were all cut the same way, but gave very different results. The longest planarian parts died a lot quicker than the shorter pieces of worm. Concluding that our hypothesis had not turned out how we had expected based on our data results. A probable reason for the death of some of our worms could have been overfeeding them. Sometimes the chunks of egg was hard to get off, so we added more but then it all came out. Chubs 1 was over whelmed with food the first day, so he could have over eaten and died. Through performing this experiment, learned many things about how regeneration works. I was amazed to see the planarians moving after they had been cut into two pieces. I also enjoyed seeing how quickly the worms grew and regeneration does not take very long. I enjoyed his lab because it was very fascinating to see understand how a scientist could use regeneration to fix problems in the human.

MONET1 essays

MONET1 essays On a Sunday morning I went to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. I saw many amazing, interesting and beautiful paintings and sculptures. As I was walking around, I spotted a painting by Claude Oscar Monet. This painting was called "Terrace at Sainte-Adresse," which is also known as the "Garden at Sainte-Adresse." Since I was so interested in this painting scenery, I approached someone who worked there and asked questions about it. Claude Monet was the best-known painter of the French Impressionist Era. He was particularly remembered for his water garden painting. The "Terrace at Sainte- Adresse" was painted in the summer of 1867 in the family house. He painted this view from one of the upstairs rooms. This painting made me think of happiness and serenity. The first thing that "Terrace at Sainte-Adresse" spotted my eye was Jeanne Marguerite Lecadre's white dress. Her white dress looks luminous among the red geraniums looking out toward the Atlantic Ocean. Jeanne Marguerite Lecadre is in conversation with a young man wearing a black hat and a black suit. The man seated is Monet's father, seen in three quarter views as the viewer, seeming as it was to look over his shoulder. I've noticed that there is abundance of flowers on the terrace that Monet's love of flowers seems to be reminding himself of the connection between pictures and making the painting almost look realistic. The painting reflects in its articulation of the sea, sky, the flowerbeds, his family members and the flags against the glittering backdrop of the sea. The painting appears composed and almost looking realistic and dreamy. His Aunt Sophie Lecadre, sitting right next to his father Adolphe Monet, is sitting holding her white umbrella. She seems like she is represented with respect as she over looks the Atlantic Ocean. The "Terrace at Sainte-Adresse" where Monet enjoys the breezy scene in front of him has a nice sunny day where someone can see lot...

Three stages in the international product life cycle theory Essay

Three stages in the international product life cycle theory - Essay Example Production of a particular product in a certain region is based on market analysis regarding resource availability, needs, and purchasing power of the target market. The characteristics of this stage are that the sales volumes and prices are high. At this level, the demand is greater than the supply with little competitors in the niche thus allowing for expansion of the business. Furthermore, at this stage the advertisement is at its peak with the technique having tremendous effect on the target market. During the growth stage, international imitators have had no chance to create imitations at a cheaper price that eventually destabilizes the market. A good example of a company that vividly elaborates this stage is Chinese Tecno Mobile Phone Company. The company based in the most populated country came up with a product to meet the demand for cheap Smartphone. The company realized massive profits in 2004 when it started. The next stage of the cycle is the maturity stage. In this stage, the demand becomes level, and the rate of increase of sales is reduced. At this level, the imitators have had enough time to create a product that creates competition in the available market at a cheaper price. However, esteemed customers who enjoy services of the original product which explained a level demand of the product as no new customers are using the product. Producer of the original product at this stage might opt to reduce prices if competition on the available market becomes stiff. The decreased sales volume and prices lead to a reduction in the amount of profits realized at a specific financial period (Funk,  2004). A good example of this is the Antex Knitting Meals located in Los Angeles. The profits realized by the company after establishment in 1979 were high compared to the current profits selling 2.7 million yards of fabric per week. Currently, the company sales add up to 1.5million yards of fabric per week. Decline is the

High Fiber diet and regulation of oncogenes Research Paper

High Fiber diet and regulation of oncogenes - Research Paper Example Statistics reflecting the estimated cases of cancer and deaths caused by cancer in the United States have also been taken into account, so as to further strengthen the relevance of the topic. Oncogenes are proto-oncogenes turned bad -- genes that have undergone mutations (American Cancer Society, 2011); mutations are changes in the makeup of a gene’s building blocks, DNA (American Cancer Society, 2011). According to the theory of gene mutation, carcinogen interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid leads to irrevocable genetic changes (Devi, 2005, p. 18). Even a minute alteration in the arrangement of these building blocks can create a strong negative impact (American Cancer Society, 2011). Normally, proto-oncogenes are responsible for the encoding of proteins, which promote cell division and impede cell differentiation (Chial, 2008). On the other hand, these mutated proto-oncogenes â€Å"typically exhibit increased production of these proteins, thus leading to increased cell division, decreased cell differentiation, and inhibition of cell death† (Chial, 2008). The aforementioned process leads to cancer (Chial, 2008); hence, there is a need to regulate these onc ogenes. A â€Å"diet high in fiber† is made known to have a considerable impact in the shrinking of predisposition to â€Å"colorectal cancer† (Doheny, 2011). Doll and Peto were the first to highlight the existence of a link between diet composition and cancer -- an example of which is high-fiber diet and its effectivity in chemoprevention (as cited in Devi, 2005, p. 21). Carcinogenesis begins with initiation as normal genes are exposed to carcinogens (Devi, 2005, p. 16). After which, promotion follows -- a stage wherein the gene is repeatedly exposed to stimuli (Devi, 2005, p. 17). Thereafter, progression occurs; this is the proliferation of the mutated gene (Devi, 2005, p. 17). Devi

Web 2.0 and web 1.0 Applications

Web 2.0 and web 1.0 Applications 1. WEB 2.0 1.1 THE SOCIAL READ/WRITE WEB AN INTRODUCTION We live in age of information where flow of information is constant and internet plays an important role in this flow of information sharing and exchange. The world is on figure tips due to the advancement in technologies. All this become possible due to World Wide Web which cause to made globe as community. Technology and information become obsolete so quickly. Now we are in era of web 2.0 According to Tim Orielly Web 2.0 is the network as platform, spanning all connected devices; Web 2.0 applications are those that make the most of the intrinsic advantages of that platform: delivering software as a continually-updated service that gets better the more people use it, consuming and remixing data from multiple sources, including individual users, while providing their own data and services in a form that allows remixing by others, creating network effects through an architecture of participation, and going beyond the page metaphor of Web1.0 to deliver rich user experiences (Orielly, 2004). According to Alan smith 2.0 does not show any specific increment in web version its only the way the use of web change (Smith, 2009). Murugesan define Web 2.0 as second phase in the Webs evolution, which attract IT professionals, businesses, and Web users. Further more he writes that Web 2.0 is wisdom Web, people-centric Web, participative Web, and read/write Web (Murugesan, 2007). Web 2.0 is people Power web shows the blogging success, user review, photo sharing (Anderson, 2006) and observe called it gift culture due to users contribution as participation (Mason Rennie, 2007). In learning and teaching process effective evolution of technology, importance of active participation, critical thinking, social presence, collaboration and two way communications are also important (Beldarrin, 2006). Web2.0 provides more effective interaction and collaboration, investigation for the ways of using blogs effectively, wikis, podcasts and social network which also used in education. The main characteristic of these tools called Web 2.0, which shows active participation from user in the content of creation process (Usluel Mazman, 2009). Web 2.0 social networking applications, allows users not only to find out information about others, but also to connect with others through linking to their profiles, joining and creating group, and ability to send public and private messages to their friends for example Face book, MySpace, and sharing with them their happy moments as on Picasa and flicker. It has changed the static information to more active, dynamic and responsive participation, creation and sharing of contents. On the biases of Orielly definition Markus Angermeier created a mind map for web 2.0 which explain the key concepts. These important concepts of Web 2.0 include Usability, Standardization, Design, Remixability, Economy, participation and convergence. Usability is one of the key factors of web 2.0. According to Lewis Web 2.0 applications tend to look more like desktop applications than Web pages: they have simple interfaces with plain colours and no busy patterns, logos, or animation. They provide a richness of Interaction previously found only in desktop applications (Lewis, 2006). He further write about the dynamic content of web 2.0 and information gathering and assembling of information on a single page. The source of information is blogs which are like online diaries, resource sharing which allow users to share their favourite web links and other resource like tags (Lewis, 2006). Example systems include del.icio.us and bibsonomy.org. Web 2.0 fulfils the standardization requirements of (W3C) for applications development and content generation. Design provide rich look and feel with practical user-interface, eye catching appearance and ease of use. Remixability is the facility that Web 2.0 offers where an application can be remixed with different set of other minor applications together to form a new and more interactive application. The introduction of Web 2.0 technologies such as AJAX breaks this fixed page based model in several ways. Traditional web sites depend on a page update model where each interaction results in an entire page refresh Web 2.0 applications allow part page updates (Pilgrim, 2008). For example, Google Maps do not require an entire page to be refreshed when the user selects a preferred view. Google system gets the data that lies outside of the edge of the map in frame with out refreshing whole page and allow user to grab the map and drag it without any interruption (Zucker, 2007). Gmail also uses AJAX technology in similar fashion to update the little portion of page when new email arrives (Pilgrim, 2008). 1.2 WEB 1.0 VS WEB 2.0 According to Musser and OReilly (2006) Web 2.0 is a set of economic, social, and technology trends that collectively form the basis for the next generation of the Internetà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬a more mature, distinctive medium characterised by user participation, openness, and network effects. The main difference between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 is creation and presentation of content. In Web 1.0 the majority of users acting as consumers of content, while in Web 2.0 user can actively participate in content creation and sharing and there are various technologies available to create the content to its maximum potential. The free nature of Web 2.0 allow users to create exchange and share contents of any kind (text, audio, video) and tag, comment, and link Pages within group or outside the group. A popular improvement in Web 2.0 is mashups, which combine or make content in fresh forms (Cormode Krishnamurthy, 2008). For example, street addresses are linked with a map Web site to visualize the locations. This type of site linkage provides facility to create additional link between records of any database with other database. In web 1.0 people implicitly put links of interesting resources to their personal home pages. HTML form tags spread across entire web with no facility of tag base browsing, search engines were using this text as source of web page to improve the quality of search, it limits the tagging in web 1.0 and which restrict collaborative interaction and collective intelligence of community (Brine Page, 1998). While web 2.0 every one can participate in tagging as it become very easy task and become the key characteristic of portals. Due to the large scale of the tagging community, portals like del.icio.us have accumulated decent annotations in the form of tags for numerous resources. These tags are used for search and navigation and Google AdSenseform easy-to-read summaries for the described resources (Kinsella, et al., 2008) Tim OReilly in his Article What Is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software, 2005 describe the difference of web1.0 and web2.0 as follows: Web1.0 Web2.0 DoubleClick Google AdSense Ofoto Flickr Akamai BitTorrent mp3.com Napster Britannica Online Wikipedia personal websites blogging Evite upcoming.org and EVDB domain name speculatio search engine optimization page views cost per click screen scraping Web services publishing participation content management systems wikis directories (taxonomy) tagging (folksonomy) stickiness syndication (Table 1.0 What is Web 2.0: OReilly, 2005) According to Gibson dynamic updates is one of the important characteristic of web2.0 and this is adopted through AJAX technology (Gibson, 2007). Web2.0 websites respond user request such as email checking or instant chatting. Web2.0 applications also provide automatic updates such as stock quotes, sports scores and other information (Gibson, 2007). Mostly news sites like BBC, Sky Newsetc. continuously updating providing instant information. Web2.0 encourages the active participation from the users to access content and interaction with each other on the Web (Pilgrim, 2008). The content of Web 1.0 was read-only and static. Whereas the transformation of web to changed the read-only web to read-write web enabled user active and collaborative participation. The above graph shows that how persistent growth in internet usage according to the facts provided by Internet World Stats with in a decade its usage rise from 361 million to 1650 million users world wide. At the early stages content of web were static in their nature and they are publish for reading purpose there were no interaction between users and user generated content are at ignorable scale. As the number of users raise it change the way of content presentation and publication on internet and users start active participation and involvement in the content and collective intelligence increased through this social read/write web. The change brought by Web 2.0 in content publishing and consumption evidently shows the divergence between static web (web1.0) and dynamic web (web2.0). Web 2.0 provides pages with dynamic content which not only can be read by browsers or readers but with the capability of writing, collaborating and sharing knowledge at the same time. 1.3 WEB 2.0 ACTIVITIES AND SERVICES There are a number of Web 2.0 services and applications available which provide the foundation of Read/Write web. These tools allow users to create, edit and modify the content of information with collaboration. Web 2.0-based communities occupy virtual spaces that are open, self-organizing, adaptive, agile, readily accessible, and easy to use (Sabina Leone, 2009). A Web 2.0 platform has shared design of services to support a collaborative and distributed environment in which users can connect, share, comment and create new content or software tools (Sabina Leone, 2009). Services offered within the Web 2.0 framework offers evolutionary services of the Internet history. To be active on internet firms have no choice but to find out an appropriate role using web2.0. Most major firms, including BMW, IBM, Google, and many others, are positioning them-selves to find their strategic place, appropriate place and fit within these developments (Wigand, Benjamin Birkland, 2008). In todays web we find different type of content. According to Paul Anderson (2007) These include blogs, wikis, multimedia sharing services, content syndication, podcasting and content tagging services. Many of these applications of Web technology are relatively mature, having been in use for a number of years, although new features and capabilities are being added on a regular basis It is worth noting that many of these newer technologies are concatenations, i.e. they make use of existing services. In this section I will discusses about some of the important activities Web 2.0 activities, these are Blogging, Folksonomy and Social Bookmarking, Multimedia Sharing, Social Networking, Podcasting. 1.3.1 BLOGGING The term web-log, or blog, was coined by Jorn Barger in 1997 and refers to a simple webpage consisting of brief paragraphs of opinion, information, personal diary entries, or links, called posts, arranged chronologically with the most recent first, in the style of an online journal (Doctorow et al., 2002). Blogs are also called online diaries which enable users, without requirement of any technical skill, to create, publish and organize their own web pages that contain dated content, entries, comments, discussion etc. in sequential order (Alexander, 2006; Castenade, 2007). People can publish information which they collect from various resources and establish relation between them in blogs. Additionally RSS and the possibility to post comments make blogs also a collaborative and social-interactive software application (Petter et al., 2005). San Murugesan defines blogs a two- way web-base communication tool. Simply it is a website which is used to share thoughts and ideas to leave suggestions and comments. An entry in blog might contain text, image, or link to other blogs and web pages, and possibly the other media related to the topic. Blogs have ability to generate machine readable RSS and Atom feeds it means they could be use to distribute machine readable summaries of contents and provide the facility of searching similar information from different sources (Cayzer, 2004), (Anderson, 2007). Huge number of internet users involved in blogging and they are operating in their own environment. As technology has become more sophisticated, bloggers have begun to incorporate multimedia into their blogs and there are now photo-blogs, video blogs (vlogs), and, increasingly, bloggers can upload material directly from their mobile phones (Anderson, 2007).There are different types and categories of blogs. Such as Arts, Business, Computers and Technology, Education, Entertainment, Food, History, Law, Libraries, Music, Personal, Political, Regional, Sports and finally Web. Blogging software allows three levels of privacy password-protected most private blog; users blog service listed blog most public blog and will be easily found by search engines. An unlisted blog neither fully private nor fully public. Unlisted blog cannot be found without knowing the URL. It could be public only if it contain a link and someone eventually click that link this way these blogs picked by search engines. Since most blogs contain links that anyone might click on, unlisted blogs are not secure, although they may remain relatively invisible if they link to sites that few people access and if the links are not activated (Nardi et al., 2004). Blogging is well known activity which used for online debate and discussions, shared editing, personal communication and networking. In terms of groups, it allows various authors or writers to communicate with others to present their views, opinions and to write for teams, groups and group work. 1.3.2 FOLKSONOMY/TAGGING AND SOCIAL BOOKMARKING A tag is a keyword that is added to a digital object (e.g. a website, picture or video clip) to describe it, but not as part of a formal classification system. One of the first large-scale applications of tagging was seen with the introduction of Joshua Schacters del.icio.us website, which launched the social bookmarking phenomenon (Anderson, 2007). In web 2.0 Folksonomy as a social web service provide facility to users to save and organise online their bookmarks with social annotations or tags. These are high quality descriptors of web pages topics and good indicators of web users interests (Xu, et al., 2004). Social book marking systems share number of common features (Millen et al., 2005), they also provide the facility of tagging these bookmarks and unlike traditional browser-base bookmarks they can be belong more that one category. Tagging is far more beyond then web site bookmarking. Services like Flicker (photos), YouTube (video) and Odeo (podcasts) allow a variety of digital artefacts to be socially tagged (Anderson, 2007). Users contribute not only in posts and articles but also in from of tags which form the metadata of the content which provide valuable information in content search. It also brings benefits of semantic web to current websites which create collaborative tagging or Folksonomy. Del.icio.us is good example of widely accepted and collaboratively created tags, contend creation and blogging (Subramanya Liu, 2008). Social bookmarking systems provide a clear incentive for users to participate (Farrell et al., 2007). The idea of tagging has been expanded to include what are called tag clouds: groups of tags (tag sets) from a number of different users of a tagging service, which collates information about the frequency with which particular tags are used (Anderson, 2007). 1.3.3 MULTIMEDIA SHARING According to Paul Anderson (2007) multimedia sharing is one of the biggest growth areas amongst services. Well known examples are YouTube which provide video storage and sharing Flicker for photographs and Odeo for Podcasts. These services provide writable facility which at the same time makes users as a consumers and initiate active participation and production of web contents. There are million of people participating in sharing and exchange of these types of media by producing their own podcasts, videos and photos. This development was made possible thorough widespread adoption of high quality and low cost media technology. Such as mobile devices which provide high quality video capturing and photography facility, camcorders with huge storage capability. Refrences 1 Usluel, Y.K. Mazman, S.G. 2009, Adoption of Web 2.0 tools in distance education, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 818-823. 2 Mason, R. Rennie, F. 2007, Using Web 2.0 for learning in the community, The Internet and Higher Education, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 196-203. 3 Beldarrain, Y. 2006, Distance Education Trends. Distance Education 27(2), 139-153. 4 Murugesan, S. 2007, Understanding Web 2.0. IT Pro. Vol. July/August 2007. P. 34-41. 5 Usluel, Y.K. Mazman, S.G. 2009, Adoption of Web 2.0 tools in distance education, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 818-823. 6 OReilly, T. 2005, Web 2.0: Compact Definition? Published by OReilly Radar Author: Tim O Reilly: Available online at: http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2005/10/web_20_compact_definition.html 7 Smith, A. 2009, Web 2.0 and Official Statistics: The UK Perspective: Available online at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/isi2009/ScientificProgramme/IPMS/0146.pdf 8 Lewis, D. 2006, What is web 2.0?. Crossroads 13, 1 (Sep. 2006), 3-3. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1217666.1217669 9 Zucker, D. F. 2007, What Does AJAX Mean for You?, ACM Interactions, Sept-Oct, 2007, pp: 10-12. 10 Pilgrim, C. J. 2008, Improving the usability of web 2.0 applications. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (Pittsburgh, PA, USA, June 19 21, 2008). HT 08. ACM, New York, NY, 239-240. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1379092.1379144 11 Cormode, G. Krishnamurthy, B. 2008, Key Differences between Web1.0 and Web2.0: Available online at: http://www2.research.att.com/~bala/papers/web1v2.pdf 12 Brin, S. Page, L.1998, The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. Comput. Netw. ISDN Syst., 30(1-7):107-117. 13 Kinsella, S., Budura, A., Skobeltsyn, G., Michel, S., Breslin, J. G., and Aberer, K. 2008, From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 and back -: how did your grandma use to tag?. In Proceeding of the 10th ACM Workshop on Web information and Data Management (Napa Valley, California, USA, October 30 30, 2008). WIDM 08. ACM, New York, NY, 79-86. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1458502.1458516 14 Gibson, B. 2007. Enabling an accessible web 2.0. In Proceedings of the 2007 international Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4a) (Banff, Canada, May 07 08, 2007). W4A 07, vol. 225. ACM, New York, NY, 1-6. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1243441.1243442 15 Adebanjo, D. Michaelides, R. 2009. Analysis of Web 2.0 enabled e-clusters: A case study, Technovation, vol. In Press, Corrected Proof. 16 Sabin, M. and Leone, J. 2009. IT education 2.0. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Sig-information Technology Education (Fairfax, Virginia, USA, October 22 24, 2009). SIGITE 09. ACM, New York, NY, 91-99. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1631728.1631756 17 Wigand, R. T., Benjamin, R. I., and Birkland, J. L. 2008. Web 2.0 and beyond: implications for electronic commerce. In Proceedings of the 10th international Conference on Electronic Commerce (Innsbruck, Austria, August 19 22, 2008). ICEC 08, vol. 342. ACM, New York, NY, 1-5. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1409540.1409550 18 CAYZER, S. 2004. Semantic Blogging and Decentralized knowledge Management. Communications of the ACM. Vol. 47, No. 12, Dec 2004, pp. 47-52. ACM Press. 19 Nardi, B. A., Schiano, D. J., and Gumbrecht, M. 2004. Blogging as social activity, or, would you let 900 million people read your diary?. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (Chicago, Illinois, USA, November 06 10, 2004). CSCW 04. ACM, New York, NY, 222-231. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031643 20 Anderson 21 Murugesan 22 Xu, S., Bao, S., Fei, B., Su, Z., and Yu, Y. 2008. Exploring folksonomy for personalized search. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual international ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in information Retrieval (Singapore, Singapore, July 20 24, 2008). SIGIR 08. ACM, New York, NY, 155-162. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1390334.1390363 23 Subramanya, S. B. and Liu, H. 2008. Socialtagger collaborative tagging for blogs in the long tail. In Proceeding of the 2008 ACM Workshop on Search in Social Media (Napa Valley, California, USA, October 30 30, 2008). SSM 08. ACM, New York, NY, 19-26. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1458583.1458588 24 Farrell, S., Lau, T., Nusser, S., Wilcox, E., and Muller, M. 2007. Socially augmenting employee profiles with people-tagging. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Newport, Rhode Island, USA, October 07 10, 2007). UIST 07. ACM, New York, NY, 91-100. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1294211.1294228 25 Siersdorfer, S. and Sizov, S. 2009. Social recommender systems for web 2.0 folksonomies. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (Torino, Italy, June 29 July 01, 2009). HT 09. ACM, New York, NY, 261-270. Available online at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1557914.1557959 26 MILLEN, D., FEINBERG, J., KERR, B. 2005. Social Bookmarking in the enterprise. ACM Queue, Nov 2005. Available online at: http://www.acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Contentpa=showpagepid=344 [last accessed 2/02/10]. Apendix 1.0 DATE NUMBER OF USERS % WORLD POPULATION INFORMATION SOURCE December, 1995 16 millions 0.40% IDC December, 1996 36 millions 0.90% IDC December, 1997 70 millions 1.70% IDC December, 1998 147 millions 3.60% C.I.Almanac December, 1999 248 millions 4.10% Nua Ltd. March, 2000 304 millions 5.00% Nua Ltd. July, 2000 359 millions 5.90% Nua Ltd. December, 2000 361 millions 5.80% Internet World Stats March, 2001 458 millions 7.60% Nua Ltd. June, 2001 479 millions 7.90% Nua Ltd. August, 2001 513 millions 8.60% Nua Ltd. April, 2002 558 millions 8.60% Internet World Stats July, 2002 569 millions 9.10% Internet World Stats September, 2002 587 millions 9.40% Internet World Stats March, 2003 608 millions 9.70% Internet World Stats September, 2003 677 millions 10.60% Internet World Stats October, 2003 682 millions 10.70% Internet World Stats December, 2003 719 millions 11.10% Internet World Stats February, 2004 745 millions 11.50% Internet World Stats May, 2004 757 millions 11.70% Internet World Stats October, 2004 812 millions 12.70% Internet World Stats December, 2004 817 millions 12.70% Internet World Stats March, 2005 888 millions 13.90% Internet World Stats July, 2005 939 millions 14.60% Internet World Stats September, 2005 957 millions 14.90% Internet World Stats November, 2005 972 millions 15.20% Internet World Stats December, 2005 1,018 millions 15.70% Internet World Stats March, 2006 1,022 millions 15.70% Internet World Stats June, 2006 1,043 millions 16.00% Internet World Stats September, 2006 1,066 millions 16.40% Internet World Stats December, 2006 1,093 millions 16.70% Internet World Stats March, 2007 1,129 millions 17.20% Internet World Stats June, 2007 1,173 millions 17.80% Internet World Stats Sept, 2007 1,245 millions 18.90% Internet World Stats Dec, 2007 1,319 millions 20.00% Internet World Stats March, 2008 1,407 millions 21.10% Internet World Stats June, 2008 1,463 millions 21.90% Internet World Stats December, 2008 1,574 millions 23.50% Internet World Stats March, 2009 1,596 millions 23.80% Internet World Stats June, 2009

Evolution of Management Thought

Corporate situation analysis 1. Overview of sales management(Group-1) Q. Assume that you are a regional sales manager of Bajaj Auto limited. And you are asked by your General a manager(Sales and Marketing) to submit your sales force strategy and tactics to achieve an increase in sales volume by 20% for the next financial year( make assumption if required) 2. ? Sales territories and sales Quota(Group-2) Q.Assume you are appointed as head of marketing of Saragam Aluminium Company, which is a new company, manufacturing and marketing aluminium extruded products, such as door, window and partition aluminium frames, heat sinks and control panels. Customers include household and business organisation. The factory is located in Hosur district of Tamil Nadu, and 38 kilometres from Bangalore. You are discussed with your CEO to initially focus sales and distribution efforts in southern regions, consisting of Karnataka, TN, AP, and Kerala. You are required to design sales territories to cover th e four southern states.Describe how do you go about your task? 3. Distribution in sales management(Group-3) Q. M/SMalhotra is a company making razorblades. They want to enter the market in Hyderabad and AP. Mr. Ramesh Kumar, their marketing manager, is one of the opinions that razor blades need selective distribution by a direct company distribution network. Discuss the merits of the suggestion and give right direction to Ramesh 4. Sales organising and staffing function Q. What kind of organisational specialisation within sales department do you recommended for each of the following companies? Group-4) a) The textile machinery manufacturing company diversifying into a consumer durable product such as auniquely designed table fan that can be used by household consumers and commercial firms initially in western India b) A SBU or business Unitof large company selling airconditioning and refrigeration products to households, cold storage and factories, commercial establishments like hot el, theatres, hospitals, and government organisation all over the nation, with wide range of products, such as room-air-conditioners, packaged-air-conditioner, Central air –conditioning plants, water –cooler, efrigerators, and cold storage plants (Group-5) Q. Some nationalised banks recruit only experienced persons or promote people from, within the organisation. Some other like ICICI banks and IDBI recruit extensively from management institute. Explain the difference in sources used by these financial organisations selling essentially the same kind of find of financial services and products 5. Sales force motivation and training(Group-6) Q. If you were an area sales manager, how would you motivate the following sales person? ) A high performing sales person, whose morale is down because he did not get an expected promotion as a marketing executive, although he has been consistently exceeding his sales target (or quotas) for the past four years. The main responsibiliti es of marketing executives are selling to a few key accounts, and coaching some sales trainees on the job b) An older sales person whose performance has been below expectation for past few years, although he had performed well in the past. He seems to have lost enthusiasm; although he has developed excellent relationship with a few key accounts from whom the company get good sales volume.

Musculinity and drinking

1.   Does the study meet the scientific requirements?It cannot be denied that scientific study has become of great importance to any profession.   Everyone is aware of the fact that knowledge is increased through study and that critique of that study can also provide a basis for improving the study practices.  This study, â€Å"The Glass Phallus Pub (lic) Masculinity and Drinking in Rural New Zealand by Hugh Campbell meet the scientific requirements as it involved an intensive analysis of a particular site.2.   Is it a research study?Moreover, it is a scientific study utilizing the ethnographic fieldwork research methods.   Ethnographic research or fieldwork is considered an essential part of the training towards becoming a social scientist such that it is said to play a role in â€Å"consciousness raising† by extending one’s view of the world and challenging one’s assumptions about the nature of things (Robson, 1993).   Through ethnographic research the fieldworker gains an appreciation of the diversity and complexity of the human social condition and, at the same time, of the ultimate unity of human-kind.3.   Is it a quantitative study?No, it is not a quantitative study since it did not use any notation system. It must be noted that quantitative researchers assign numbers to observations and produce data by counting and measuring things.   Further, this study did not use any counting and measuring of things.4. Is it a qualitative study?Yes, this is a qualitative study since the researcher did not make counts or assign numbers to his observations. But rather, the researcher gain access into the â€Å"life-world† of his subjects and male groups; that is, to discover their motivations, their sources of meaning, their emotions and other subjective aspects of their lives because it is only in doing so that a researcher will be able to see, to describe, and to understand human behavior and social phenomena with greater d epth.   In addition, the researcher employed a qualitative research method which is participatory ethnographic fieldwork (p.262)5.   Is it clearly written?Yes, it is clearly written as the researcher used the first person and based on his experiences and analysis6.   Assess the title.The title is somewhat vague though as the author used a metaphor and one may not be totally familiar with â€Å"The Glass Phallus.†   So, one has to read the article thoroughly first before understanding the meaning behind the title.7.   Assess the authors` affiliations.Not much of the authors` affiliations were included in the study except that he has lived in the research area or community for five years as this is a participatory ethnographic fieldwork (p.262)8.   Assess the abstract.The abstract is clearly stated and includes the necessary things to include in an abstract such as the subjects and locale of the study, design of the study, the results, and the conclusion.9.   Asse ss the references.The references used were comprehensive and suited to the given study.10.   Is there a centrality of purpose between the introduction, method, and results?Yes, more or less there’s a centrality of purpose between the introduction, method, and results. But lesser centrality between introduction and method as the introduction is more of a myth about the rural pub, a nostalgic fiction of yesteryears as described in the introduction.   The method and results has more centrality as the author was able to connect the method used which is ethnographic fieldwork to the results of the study which is more qualitative.   The results of the study presented are ethnographic data which are the product of systematic and sustained observation.11.   Critique the introduction according to:– the literature reviewThe authors’ review of literature was conducted and integrated in the discussion part of the article although previous studies were not referred t o by specific articles, the names of authors and publication years were given. Moreover, the literature reported supported the selected qualitative method used in the study.–      study purposeThis study, â€Å"The Glass Phallus Pub (lic) Masculinity and Drinking in Rural New Zealand† by Hugh Campbell, examined the various ways in which pubs operate as a social site, where male power is constructed in rural communities.   Another is to examine the way in which symbolic notions of rurality are integral to the construction of gendered power in rural space.12.   Critiques the Method according to– the sample selectionThe sample of the study population was large (150-200) men who worked in farm service industries, were farm workers, owned or managed small farm service firms, or (a minority) were bachelor farmers.   Manual laborers on farms and in the farm service industries constituted the majority, but men from the agricultural petite bourgeoisie also were presented consistently.The participant sample selected basically on their performance known as the after-work drinking session.   The temporal parameters of after-work drinking strongly influenced which local men could join the pub (lic) performance of masculinity.   In addition to the fact that this study was the result of two periods of fieldwork within 5 years of ethnographic research, all the above mentioned criteria achieved the data saturation required.– the study designA participatory ethnographic study using formal and informal interviews was conducted to frame the design of the study (p.262). The method used was appropriate for this study as it sought to examine the various ways in which pubs operate as a social site, where male power is constructed in rural communities.   Also to examine the way in which symbolic notions of rurality are integral to the construction of gendered power in rural space.In addition, the qualitative interviews were undertaken to und erstand the experiences and all that they entail.– data collection proceduresData collection procedure used which was formal and informal interviews and were consistent with the purpose of the study since the study was a qualitative.   Moreover, 200 hours of participatory ethnographic fieldwork (in the pubs), made an even greater abundance of informal discussion and dialogue with members of the community.– researcher’s roleThe researcher’s role is to conduct interviews (formal or informal) using the participatory ethnographic fieldwork.– the issue of timeThis study was done for approximately 5 years of living in the community. The researcher has done interviews and discussions not just in the pubs but also in various locales such as sports clubs, churches, and voluntary organizations, and in the subjects` workplace.– materials/instruments usedThe strategies and tools involved in data collection includes ethnographic audiotaped interviews w hich includes open-ended, broad â€Å"grand tour† questions followed by more focused and in-depth discussions; participant observations were conducted in a variety of places; photography was extensive.13.   Critique the Results according to– findingsAnalysis from data obtained revealed two major characteristics of pub drinking performance, which are the conversational cockfighting and the disciplines of drinking. These two combine to ensure that a particular version of masculinity, here called pub(lic) masculinity reproduce itself.   A further finding is that masculinity in this kind of performative situation develops a degree of invisibility.– tables, graphs or chartsNo tables, graphs, or charts were included in the study.– statistical data and tests usedNo statistical data or tests were used as this is a qualitative study. So no sample data were given.   Only some conversation or descriptive data were presented.-discussionThe discussion of the res ult was done comprehensively and thus thoroughly-limitationsThe researcher realized the difficulties of analyzing an invisible masculinity and argues that rendering masculinity is an important task for any sociological analysis of both public leisure sites in rural society.-implications– The significant implication of this study is that rural sociologists must move quickly beyond viewing rural pub as just another aspect of the rural idyll but it is more of the operation of gendered power in rural communities, and as a site where rural masculinities are enacted and defended.ReferenceRobson, C. (1993) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists andPractitioner-Researchers. Blackwell.

General Motors Foreign Exchange Risk Management Policy Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1069 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? General Motors was the worlds largest automaker and since 1931, the worlds sales leader. In 2000, it had a net income of $4.4 billion on revenues of $184.6 billion. North America represented the majority of sales to end customers but international operations were also growing and international sales had reached 18% of overall sales. The key objectives of GMs foreign exchange risk management policy was to reduce cash flow and earnings volatility, minimize management time and costs dedicated to FX management and align FX management in a manner consistent with how GM operated its automotive business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "General Motors Foreign Exchange Risk Management Policy Finance Essay" essay for you Create order GM hedged only cash flows (transaction exposures) and ignored balance sheet exposures (translation exposures). A passive hedging policy of hedging 50% of all significant foreign exchange exposures arising from receivables and payables was adopted. Forward contracts were used to hedge exposures arising within six months and options used to hedge exposures arising within seven to twelve months. GMs overall yen exposure included a commercial exposure based on forecasted receivables and payables of $900 million, an investment exposure resulting from equity stakes in Japanese companies and financing exposure through a yen-denominated loan. GMS COMPETITIVE EXPOSURE GMs competitive exposure to the yen arose because of competing against Japanese automakers who had large parts of their cost structure denominated in yen.Any fluctuation in the dollar/yen exchange rate affected the operating profits of Japanese automakers significantly, since they derived 43% of their revenue from the US markets (as of 2000). The yen appreciation from 117 to 107 during the first half of 2000 had reduced their combined global operating profit by nearly $4 billion. In the second half, the yen had begun appreciating. GM needed to quantify this competitive exposure and effectively hedge it. Depreciation of the yen would lead to reduced costs for Japanese automakers (since 20% to 40% content was sourced from Japan). 15% to 45% of this cost saving would be passed on to the customer. Customer sales elasticity as measured by GM indicated that a 5% price decrease would increase unit sales by around 10%. This market share gain by Japanese automakers would be shared equally and entirely by the Big Three in Detroit. QUANTIFYING GMS COMPETITIVE EXPOSURE Assumptions: ÂÂ ·Japanese car makers source 40% content from Japan (worst case scenario). ÂÂ ·45% of cost savings is passed on by Japanese carmakers to customers (worst case scenario). ÂÂ ·Yen devaluates by 20% compared to the dollar(worst case scenario). ÂÂ ·Total cost per car is $20000 (assumed). The margin obtained by GM is approximately $5900 ($1969 * 3) on the cost. Due to competition, Japanese carmakers would also need to price their vehicles similarly. Hence the same price is assumed for Japanese carmakers as well. ÂÂ ·Loss is valued as a perpetuity at 20% discount rate. Japanese carmakers General Motors Cost of Car $20,000 Price of car $25,900 Component cost (of Japanese component) at old exchange rate of $1=100 (40% components sourced from Japan) 800,000 = $8000 Component cost at new exchange rate of $1=120 800,000 = $6,666.67 Change in profit margin $1,333.33 Addl. Margin passed on to customers ( = 45% of change in profit margin) $600.00 New price of car $25,300 Price decrease 2.32% Increased sales (elasticity = 2) 4.63% Sales in 2000 4100000 Increase in sales in 2001 (Gain by Japanese carmakers shared by Big Three) 189962 -63321 Income loss for 2001 -$249,358,098 Income loss for perpetuity (Discounting at 20%) -$1,246,790,490 Thus the loss due to competitive exposure to GM is around $1.24 billion, which GM cannot afford to ignore. The above calculations have not taken into account any growth of the market or other variables. Also assuming that GM would not respond to a 20% change in exchange rates also may not be realistic. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS A sensitivity analysis has been carried out, by varying the Yen/Dollar exchange rate from $1 = 120 yen to $1 = 80 yen. Also the content sourced from Japan has been varied from 20% to 40%. Varying these parameters, we get the values for income loss/gain for 2001. These values are discounted at 20% to find out the loss/gain to perpetuity. In this analysis, the margin passed on by Japanese carmakers has been fixed at 45%. Income loss/gain to perpetuity for GM with changes in exchange rate and Japanese content in Japanese carmakers automobiles: Exchange Rate: $1= 120 100 90 80 Japanese content 20% -$623,405,090 0 $415,596,830 $935,097,790 30% -$935,097,790 0 $623,405,090 $1,402,636,840 40% -$1,246,790,490 0 $831,193,660 $1,870,175,890 Another sensitivity analysis has been carried out, wherein the Japanese content in the automobiles is varied from 20% to 40% and the margin passed on by Japanese carmakers to customers has been varied from 15% to 45%. Here the exchange rate has been kept constant at $1 = 120 Income loss/gain to perpetuity for GM with varying Japanese content and margin passed on by Japanese automakers to customers: Japanese content 20% 30% 40% Margin passed on by Japanese carmakers to customers 15% -$207,808,260 -$311,712,390 -$415,596,830 30% -$415,596,830 -$623,405,090 -$831,193,660 45% -$623,405,090 -$935,097,790 -$1,246,790,490 In this case, value erosion ranges from -$208 million to -$1.25 billion REGRESSION ANALYSIS To calculate the effect of fluctuating yen-dollar exchange rate on the value of GM, a regression analysis can also be carried out. The coefficient of the exchange rate will indicate how much the value of GM changes. For example, if the coefficient is negative, it indicates that GMs value will decline as the yen depreciates relative to the dollar. However due to insufficient data in the case, this exercise has not been carried out. HEDGING POLICIES FOR COMPETITIVE EXPOSURE To hedge the competitive exposure to Japanese yen, GM can try the following strategies: ÂÂ ·Shift some of its production to Japan ÂÂ ·Source some parts from Japan However, these are long term strategies and need to be evaluated carefully taking into account market considerations. These decisions cannot be taken just for hedging purposes. GM currently follows a passive hedging policy which does not include guidelines on managing competitive exposure. All deviations from its current policy had to be approved by senior executives. An easier approach to manage the competitive exposure to the Japanese yen would be for GM to increase its yen borrowings (currently around $500 million worth of yen bonds are outstanding). This would serve as a natural hedge to any depreciation in the yen and would also not require the use of complex derivatives.